Index
Hypovolemia is characterized by the loss of a large amount of blood and fluids, especially plasma, which can lead to death in minutes.
Hypovolemic shock is a medical or surgical condition in which fluid loss occurs rapidly, resulting in multiple organ failures due to inadequate perfusion.
Most hypovolemic shocks are secondary to rapid blood loss (hemorrhagic shock).
Thus hypovolemia leads to tissue hypoperfusion, with an imbalance in the supply of oxygen and energy substrates that can cause tissue damage and lead to death.
Therefore, the shock (shock) is characterized clinically by the combination of hypotension. Hypovolemic shock can be classified into four stages according to the percentage of blood loss:
Stage I
It occurs when up to 15% of the circulating volume is lost, approximately 750 ml of blood. These patients often have few symptoms since the compensation mechanisms support bodily functions.
Stage II
It occurs when 15% to 30% is lost, or up to 1,500 ml of circulating volume of blood. These patients have subtle signs of shock, but their vital signs remain normal.
Stage III
When 30% to 40% of the circulating volume, or 1,500 to 2,000 ml of blood, is lost, this patient looks pretty sick.
Stage IV
The most severe form of hypovolemic/hemorrhagic shock. This patient has lost more than 40% of the circulating blood volume, or at least 2,000 ml of blood, and is at risk of bleeding.
Complications of hypovolemic shock include adult respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, stroke, and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes.
Causes of hypovolemia
Penetrating trauma or severe gastrointestinal disorders are two common causes of hypovolemia. Other causes of hypovolemic shock can be extensive burns, diuretic or vasodilator poisoning, severe diarrhea, vomiting, and severe inflammation.
Hemorrhagic shock can also result from significant loss of blood in the internal cavity in the chest and abdomen.
symptom
The patient shows a fall in blood pressure, increased heart rate and respiratory, cold limbs, cold and pale skin, excessive tiredness and weakness, dilated capillary area, excessive sweating, venous collapse, anxiety and nervousness, tachycardia, postural changes, hemodynamic instability and deterioration of the mental state (coma).
Treatment of Hypovolemic Shock
For its treatment, it is recommended to correct the Arterial Pressure, improve the O2 offer, start with the test volume, and install essential monitoring. These interventions are vital for a good prognosis.
